How does a million years in the same photo
понедельник, 21 декабря 2015 г.
суббота, 12 декабря 2015 г.
Solar System - an anomaly on the background of the rest of the galaxy
Over the past four years due to the Space Telescope "Kepler" we have learned that in our galaxy are so many planets. But the most interesting fact that we got for "Kepler" - is that among these planets there is nothing like our own solar system. Faktrum telling details.
This fact is well seen on the example of the animation "Planetarium Kepler IV», created by a graduate student at the Department of Astronomy at the University of Washington Ethan Cruz. It Kruse compares hundreds of exoplanets orbit of Kepler's database to our own solar system, which is represented in the animation on the right and catches the eye. The animation shows the relative size of the planets Kepler (although, of course, not comparable with the scale of the stars), and the surface temperature.
In the animation it is very easy to see how strange it seems the solar system compared to other systems. Prior to the mission, "Kepler" in 2009, astronomers expect, the majority of exoplanet systems will be arranged by our type: Small stone closer to the center of the planet, a huge gas giants in the middle, and chunks of ice stone in the periphery. But it turned out that everything is arranged much more bizarre.
"Kepler" found "hot Jupiter", a huge gas giants that almost touch the stars system. As he explains Kruse, "device" Kepler "dictates that it is much better to pinpoint the planet with more compact orbits. In smaller systems, the planets will revolve in their orbits, so the telescope is much easier to detect them. "
Of course, the abnormality of the solar system from the crowd could be due to the fact that our knowledge of other systems are still insufficient, or because, as explained above, we mostly notice the smaller system with fast frequency movement. However, the "Kepler" has found 685 star systems, and none of them is not like ours.
вторник, 8 декабря 2015 г.
Agency DARPA is developing organisms for terraforming Mars
It's no secret that the agency DARPA is investing heavily in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. In military science agencies believe that they can create unpretentious organisms, including bacteria, algae and plants that will thrive in the barren surface of Mars and later turn it into a planet similar to Earth.
During the last year in the laboratories of DARPA conducted research to find out how to genetically modified organisms of all kinds, not just E. coli and yeast, which are often used in synthetic biology projects.
In the course of these studies has been created software DTA GView, which works like Google Maps for genomes. This software allows you to analyze and select the best genes from any form of life, to create from them something completely new. First, work will be done with bacteria and microorganisms, but one can assume that in the future, the same technique is applied to more complex multicellular organisms.
Among other things, DARPA plans to use specially designed organisms and to eliminate the effects of pollution. After a natural or human-induced disaster, we will be able to create new types of extremophiles that can return the parched wasteland to life.
The same approach might work on Mars. The Agency believes that after conducting practical experiments here on Earth, humanity may try to colonize the solar system.
No doubt, such ambitious projects can not be fit into any time frame, but their practical value can not be overestimated.
It's no secret that the agency DARPA is investing heavily in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. In military science agencies believe that they can create unpretentious organisms, including bacteria, algae and plants that will thrive in the barren surface of Mars and later turn it into a planet similar to Earth.
During the last year in the laboratories of DARPA conducted research to find out how to genetically modified organisms of all kinds, not just E. coli and yeast, which are often used in synthetic biology projects.
In the course of these studies has been created software DTA GView, which works like Google Maps for genomes. This software allows you to analyze and select the best genes from any form of life, to create from them something completely new. First, work will be done with bacteria and microorganisms, but one can assume that in the future, the same technique is applied to more complex multicellular organisms.
Among other things, DARPA plans to use specially designed organisms and to eliminate the effects of pollution. After a natural or human-induced disaster, we will be able to create new types of extremophiles that can return the parched wasteland to life.
The same approach might work on Mars. The Agency believes that after conducting practical experiments here on Earth, humanity may try to colonize the solar system.
No doubt, such ambitious projects can not be fit into any time frame, but their practical value can not be overestimated.
Media: Development of GLONASS completed
It is reported that the development of Russian GLONASS satellite system is complete and is now focused on the final test. We have before us, we recall, one of the most ambitious projects of modern Russia.
The details of the work on the GLONASS said the head of "Russian Space Systems" Andrey Tyulin. "The system presented to the customer for final tests, which are now held", - said director general. In the course of testing the Russian Ministry of Defence made its observations, and they, according to Tyulin already eliminated. The expert expressed the hope that the system will be put into service after the final test. At the same time continued operation of experimental design.
Official transfer of the domestic satellite navigation system has assumed in 2012. But by the time the GLONASS had serious deficiencies, including, in particular, referred to the difficulties with ground control. He did not meet technical requirements, which issued the Russian Defense Ministry. Subsequently, according to Tyulina, prototype ground control beefed up, and in the terms of reference have made some additions.
At that point, the orbital satellite constellation, created by JSC "Information Satellite Systems", has worked in a normal mode. At the same time the whole system was in a stage of research and development, design operation.
For the Russian GLONASS project has become one of the most ambitious in its history, this involved the prestige of the Russian Federation as a great world power. This system began to create in the USSR - the first developments emerged in the late 70s. The system, according to the concept, are 24 satellites, but in the early 2000s, financial problems led to the fact that the number of these devices has decreased to six. So what about the full use of GLONASS could be considered. In subsequent years, the system has experienced intensive care, but many technical difficulties it was not possible to eliminate up to now.
GLONASS - one of two similar systems operating in the world today. American GPS was put into service in 1993, when the last of 24 satellites placed into orbit. Yet there includes 20 satellites Chinese Beidou system, but it works as a regional.
In general, the principle of operation is similar to the principle of the GLONASS GPS. Like the American system, the domestic can be used by military and civilians. This service, according to the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, provided free of charge and without any restrictions.
Yesterday it became known about the loss of the Russian satellite remote sensing "Canopus-ST" which was launched by the carrier rocket "Soyuz-2.1V." The unit is not separated from the upper stage. Who is considered a variant of the satellite orbit information with its subsequent flooding.
It is reported that the development of Russian GLONASS satellite system is complete and is now focused on the final test. We have before us, we recall, one of the most ambitious projects of modern Russia.
The details of the work on the GLONASS said the head of "Russian Space Systems" Andrey Tyulin. "The system presented to the customer for final tests, which are now held", - said director general. In the course of testing the Russian Ministry of Defence made its observations, and they, according to Tyulin already eliminated. The expert expressed the hope that the system will be put into service after the final test. At the same time continued operation of experimental design.
Official transfer of the domestic satellite navigation system has assumed in 2012. But by the time the GLONASS had serious deficiencies, including, in particular, referred to the difficulties with ground control. He did not meet technical requirements, which issued the Russian Defense Ministry. Subsequently, according to Tyulina, prototype ground control beefed up, and in the terms of reference have made some additions.
At that point, the orbital satellite constellation, created by JSC "Information Satellite Systems", has worked in a normal mode. At the same time the whole system was in a stage of research and development, design operation.
For the Russian GLONASS project has become one of the most ambitious in its history, this involved the prestige of the Russian Federation as a great world power. This system began to create in the USSR - the first developments emerged in the late 70s. The system, according to the concept, are 24 satellites, but in the early 2000s, financial problems led to the fact that the number of these devices has decreased to six. So what about the full use of GLONASS could be considered. In subsequent years, the system has experienced intensive care, but many technical difficulties it was not possible to eliminate up to now.
GLONASS - one of two similar systems operating in the world today. American GPS was put into service in 1993, when the last of 24 satellites placed into orbit. Yet there includes 20 satellites Chinese Beidou system, but it works as a regional.
In general, the principle of operation is similar to the principle of the GLONASS GPS. Like the American system, the domestic can be used by military and civilians. This service, according to the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, provided free of charge and without any restrictions.
Yesterday it became known about the loss of the Russian satellite remote sensing "Canopus-ST" which was launched by the carrier rocket "Soyuz-2.1V." The unit is not separated from the upper stage. Who is considered a variant of the satellite orbit information with its subsequent flooding.
суббота, 14 ноября 2015 г.
Scientists have found that adults are now less happy than before
The results of the comparison of data from one million people aged between 13 and 96 years on the eve of scientists shared. Researchers interested in the fact that people were happy in the modern era, or in 70-80 years of the last century.
According to Western medical respectable tabloids, the study was conducted panel of scientists from the University of San Diego. As a result of the add succeeded in establishing the fact that more than 38% of respondents in the early '70s were much happier. The amount is, as we are assured the authors of the analysis will be increased every year.
Of course, not without its positive aspects, including increased levels of happiness among the young generation. For example, at the beginning of the 70-80 28% claimed that they "are the happiest people on earth", and by 2010 this had risen to 30%. The results, scientists have tried to explain from their point of view.
In their opinion, today the expectations of people is much higher than before, and therefore the achievement of a middle-aged, people are beginning to realize that they can not achieve all its goals. As a result, they begin to feel miserable, but a few decades ago, they were content with little.
The results of the comparison of data from one million people aged between 13 and 96 years on the eve of scientists shared. Researchers interested in the fact that people were happy in the modern era, or in 70-80 years of the last century.
According to Western medical respectable tabloids, the study was conducted panel of scientists from the University of San Diego. As a result of the add succeeded in establishing the fact that more than 38% of respondents in the early '70s were much happier. The amount is, as we are assured the authors of the analysis will be increased every year.
Of course, not without its positive aspects, including increased levels of happiness among the young generation. For example, at the beginning of the 70-80 28% claimed that they "are the happiest people on earth", and by 2010 this had risen to 30%. The results, scientists have tried to explain from their point of view.
In their opinion, today the expectations of people is much higher than before, and therefore the achievement of a middle-aged, people are beginning to realize that they can not achieve all its goals. As a result, they begin to feel miserable, but a few decades ago, they were content with little.
Scientists have found in an Egyptian pyramid, a time machine
International researchers have agreed that in the underground labyrinth of one of the Egyptian pyramids can be a time machine, which is the energy portal. In 2016, the structure of the pyramids are examined with the help of satellites, which will provide evidence of the theory scientists.
Researchers from Japan, the US and Europe have decided to join efforts in the study of the Great Pyramids of Egypt. Scientists believe that the underground labyrinths of the pyramids can serve as a temporary portal. According to the theory advanced by Nikolai Kozyrev, past, present and future exist simultaneously, but separated by a parallel realities. Scientists believe that the energy portal, hidden in the depths of the pyramids allow travel between realities.
Guess arose after the discovery of the temple of Karnak in Luxor door of the tomb of Queen Hatshepsut vizier, whose age is 3.5 thousand. Years. The inscriptions on the doors say that her hidden entrance to another dimension. To determine the structure of the underground passages of the pyramid researchers will scan them with near-Earth satellites, which will reveal the secret rooms, and the depth of the maze.
International researchers have agreed that in the underground labyrinth of one of the Egyptian pyramids can be a time machine, which is the energy portal. In 2016, the structure of the pyramids are examined with the help of satellites, which will provide evidence of the theory scientists.
Researchers from Japan, the US and Europe have decided to join efforts in the study of the Great Pyramids of Egypt. Scientists believe that the underground labyrinths of the pyramids can serve as a temporary portal. According to the theory advanced by Nikolai Kozyrev, past, present and future exist simultaneously, but separated by a parallel realities. Scientists believe that the energy portal, hidden in the depths of the pyramids allow travel between realities.
Guess arose after the discovery of the temple of Karnak in Luxor door of the tomb of Queen Hatshepsut vizier, whose age is 3.5 thousand. Years. The inscriptions on the doors say that her hidden entrance to another dimension. To determine the structure of the underground passages of the pyramid researchers will scan them with near-Earth satellites, which will reveal the secret rooms, and the depth of the maze.
Virtual reality becomes real: new technology allows users to feel virtual objects
Researchers have long been struggling to create a virtual reality, but significant progress achieved in the past few years. Oculus improved technologies VR, whose development slowed down considerably compared with the previous decade. Now revival of consumer products VR goes by leaps and bounds, and today a very accessible set of virtual reality as Samsung Gear VR, can be immersed in a virtual world almost all comers.
But there is one key issue, which does not allow the user to immerse themselves in a virtual environment. But soon things can change, thanks to the work of German scientists.
A team of researchers from the Laboratory of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Hasso Plattner Institute has created a working prototype of the device, called Impacto. The device is integrated into the ribbon, which can be put on the arm or leg. In conjunction with special software designed in HCI, Impacto simulates contact with the wearer's body so that it can actually feel the objects in the virtual reality. At least to some degree.
Researchers demonstrated examples include a boxing game, where the user can feel the impact of the strike on the lock arm and a soccer game where the player can feel every bounce the ball on his feet.
It should be noted that this is not just Impacto vibrating micromotor, hidden in a plastic box. The device combines a tactile vibration motor with miostimulyatorov that lets you create a sense of shock or jerk, more accurately simulate contact with the real physical objects.
"The key idea that underlies the fact that small and light Impacto can simulate the bounce, is the expansion of influence on components: a device causes the tactile sensations associated with stroke, by touching the skin of the solenoid; it reinforces the sense of shock due to the repulsion of the user's hand, using electrical stimulation of muscles - say the developers of technology. - It is an independent wireless device is quite small, it is easy to carry on the body that allows a user to walk freely in a virtual environment. "
Currently, the possibility of using the device are limited by its shape and size, but the technology can be easily adapted for different sizes of devices. Thus, several different modules Impacto can be combined to form a kind of dress with a set of contact points. Then users except sensation in the arm or hit the ball bouncing on his feet, can feel the contact with objects VR along the entire body.
Researchers have long been struggling to create a virtual reality, but significant progress achieved in the past few years. Oculus improved technologies VR, whose development slowed down considerably compared with the previous decade. Now revival of consumer products VR goes by leaps and bounds, and today a very accessible set of virtual reality as Samsung Gear VR, can be immersed in a virtual world almost all comers.
But there is one key issue, which does not allow the user to immerse themselves in a virtual environment. But soon things can change, thanks to the work of German scientists.
A team of researchers from the Laboratory of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Hasso Plattner Institute has created a working prototype of the device, called Impacto. The device is integrated into the ribbon, which can be put on the arm or leg. In conjunction with special software designed in HCI, Impacto simulates contact with the wearer's body so that it can actually feel the objects in the virtual reality. At least to some degree.
Researchers demonstrated examples include a boxing game, where the user can feel the impact of the strike on the lock arm and a soccer game where the player can feel every bounce the ball on his feet.
It should be noted that this is not just Impacto vibrating micromotor, hidden in a plastic box. The device combines a tactile vibration motor with miostimulyatorov that lets you create a sense of shock or jerk, more accurately simulate contact with the real physical objects.
"The key idea that underlies the fact that small and light Impacto can simulate the bounce, is the expansion of influence on components: a device causes the tactile sensations associated with stroke, by touching the skin of the solenoid; it reinforces the sense of shock due to the repulsion of the user's hand, using electrical stimulation of muscles - say the developers of technology. - It is an independent wireless device is quite small, it is easy to carry on the body that allows a user to walk freely in a virtual environment. "
Currently, the possibility of using the device are limited by its shape and size, but the technology can be easily adapted for different sizes of devices. Thus, several different modules Impacto can be combined to form a kind of dress with a set of contact points. Then users except sensation in the arm or hit the ball bouncing on his feet, can feel the contact with objects VR along the entire body.
Scientists block pain at a distance
English journal Nature Biotechnology placed in the new issue report a group of American scientists working on the problem of blocking pain. The study was able to create a prototype of the implant, which allows not to pass pain signals to the brain. Thus, neurological and chronic pain symptoms which previously had to suppress painkillers in the future will be able simply to stop. The brain will not receive signals from the damaged organ.
To implement the ideas into practice, researchers have applied the technology optogenetics. The photon flux will affect the neurons, causing them to produce the protein, and thus will not pain for the neural network. Scientists have conducted a test experiments on mice, and pointed out that during the study they were able to implant the implant virtually any body test.
A team of researchers has announced the organization of a startup NeuroLux, which is intended to completion of the device - used in the first stage fiber that prevent implantation of the bodies that are in motion. The concept of a wireless device, allows you to make more than maneuvers to implant. Plans scientists launch the device in mass production.
English journal Nature Biotechnology placed in the new issue report a group of American scientists working on the problem of blocking pain. The study was able to create a prototype of the implant, which allows not to pass pain signals to the brain. Thus, neurological and chronic pain symptoms which previously had to suppress painkillers in the future will be able simply to stop. The brain will not receive signals from the damaged organ.
To implement the ideas into practice, researchers have applied the technology optogenetics. The photon flux will affect the neurons, causing them to produce the protein, and thus will not pain for the neural network. Scientists have conducted a test experiments on mice, and pointed out that during the study they were able to implant the implant virtually any body test.
A team of researchers has announced the organization of a startup NeuroLux, which is intended to completion of the device - used in the first stage fiber that prevent implantation of the bodies that are in motion. The concept of a wireless device, allows you to make more than maneuvers to implant. Plans scientists launch the device in mass production.
среда, 11 ноября 2015 г.
Corals can tolerate acidification of the water - and thus survive if warming?
Oceanographers again muddy water. Until now it was thought that coral reefs can not tolerate acidification of the oceans. Particular concern is caused against the background of imminent water acidification due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Solutions, it turns into carbonic acid - not much, but still lower the pH of seawater. It was believed that corals are extremely sensitive to these processes and the development of global warming are in grave danger.
However, California oceanographer Andreas Andersson (Andreas Andersson) and his colleagues studied the coral reefs of Bermuda for five years, came to a rather paradoxical conclusion: the growing corals themselves increase the acidity of the water - and feel it is completely normal. "At first we were just very puzzled - says Andersson. - All this is just the opposite of what is expected with an increase in the acidity of ocean water. "
Scientists have been monitoring from 2007 to 2012, fixing the local water two sharp peaks acidity - in 2010 and 2011. And the authors were able to show that these peaks are associated with harmful human activity, and with a useful life activity of the corals themselves. Their growing bodies require large amounts of calcium and continuously absorbed its alkaline salts from the water. In addition, increased metabolic rate leads to higher emissions of carbon dioxide - and this led to an increase in acidity.
Andersson and his colleagues noted that two of the detected peak of growth have been associated with the acidity of "fruitful" 2010 and 2011, when the phytoplankton bloom in the vicinity of Bermuda is very intense. Blossomed and feeding them animal coral polyps - followed and acidity increased. And so, it seems, it did not care. Local acidity jump was far superior to anything that can be expected in the coming decades by global warming - but corals feel great.
These observations are very confusing, it seemed almost set a question about the future of coral reefs - priceless treasuries of biodiversity. Until now, almost all agreed that the increase in acidity of the water for them (and their calcium skeletons) is detrimental. But now? .. "If the coral is enough light and food, it is important if they do acidity of the water? - Asks Andreas Andersson. - Now we can not answer it. "
Oceanographers again muddy water. Until now it was thought that coral reefs can not tolerate acidification of the oceans. Particular concern is caused against the background of imminent water acidification due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Solutions, it turns into carbonic acid - not much, but still lower the pH of seawater. It was believed that corals are extremely sensitive to these processes and the development of global warming are in grave danger.
However, California oceanographer Andreas Andersson (Andreas Andersson) and his colleagues studied the coral reefs of Bermuda for five years, came to a rather paradoxical conclusion: the growing corals themselves increase the acidity of the water - and feel it is completely normal. "At first we were just very puzzled - says Andersson. - All this is just the opposite of what is expected with an increase in the acidity of ocean water. "
Scientists have been monitoring from 2007 to 2012, fixing the local water two sharp peaks acidity - in 2010 and 2011. And the authors were able to show that these peaks are associated with harmful human activity, and with a useful life activity of the corals themselves. Their growing bodies require large amounts of calcium and continuously absorbed its alkaline salts from the water. In addition, increased metabolic rate leads to higher emissions of carbon dioxide - and this led to an increase in acidity.
Andersson and his colleagues noted that two of the detected peak of growth have been associated with the acidity of "fruitful" 2010 and 2011, when the phytoplankton bloom in the vicinity of Bermuda is very intense. Blossomed and feeding them animal coral polyps - followed and acidity increased. And so, it seems, it did not care. Local acidity jump was far superior to anything that can be expected in the coming decades by global warming - but corals feel great.
These observations are very confusing, it seemed almost set a question about the future of coral reefs - priceless treasuries of biodiversity. Until now, almost all agreed that the increase in acidity of the water for them (and their calcium skeletons) is detrimental. But now? .. "If the coral is enough light and food, it is important if they do acidity of the water? - Asks Andreas Andersson. - Now we can not answer it. "
Mount Pluto turned icy volcanoes
NASA scientists said that Mount Pluto are actually volcanoes spewing ice or similar to it in structure to the composition of the frozen water and methane, ammonia or nitrogen.
According to Reuters, the results of the study of Pluto were made public on Monday by experts NASA's press conference at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder. The information was collected as a result of rapprochement with the dwarf planet spacecraft New Horizons July 14 of this year. Pictures and data are transmitted closer to Earth until now. Recall, the probe then overflew a distance of about 12.5 thousand. Km of the surface of Pluto, 9 days of observations gathered about 50 GB of information. The latest data will arrive on Earth in early 2017. Scientists hope that the information will also confirm or deny the existence of ocean water on the planet, which is presumed to be under the ice.
Among the 50 broadcasts a probe of one of the most interesting details have appeared on the surface of Pluto mountains. In particular, there are two mountains, each of which is up to 161 kilometers in diameter and several kilometers high. The tops of these mountains are like the tops of volcanoes located on Earth and Mars. "Beyond the solar system, we have not seen anything like this" - admitted Ph.D., Researcher Research Center NASA's Ames in California, Oliver Wight.
According to experts of the American space agency, Mount Pluto are actually volcanoes. Only they do not spew molten lava, and a mix of frozen water and methane, ammonia or nitrogen. According to White, the assumption at first glance sounds crazy when applied to a dwarf planet, located 30 times farther from the Sun than the Earth, but "it's the only reasonable explanation for what is happening." "These mountains are very strange," - he intrigued journalists scientist.
In addition, the New Horizons probe on the surface of Pluto discovered several large cracks. The length of most of them is 322 km. The depth of the crack reaches four kilometers - is twice the US Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon). According to White, these features crust of Pluto indicate some global changes that have occurred once on the surface. Perhaps it is the decay of natural radioactive elements in the planet's core. Emerge out of this process, the heat was the cause of transformation.
NASA scientists said that Mount Pluto are actually volcanoes spewing ice or similar to it in structure to the composition of the frozen water and methane, ammonia or nitrogen.
According to Reuters, the results of the study of Pluto were made public on Monday by experts NASA's press conference at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder. The information was collected as a result of rapprochement with the dwarf planet spacecraft New Horizons July 14 of this year. Pictures and data are transmitted closer to Earth until now. Recall, the probe then overflew a distance of about 12.5 thousand. Km of the surface of Pluto, 9 days of observations gathered about 50 GB of information. The latest data will arrive on Earth in early 2017. Scientists hope that the information will also confirm or deny the existence of ocean water on the planet, which is presumed to be under the ice.
Among the 50 broadcasts a probe of one of the most interesting details have appeared on the surface of Pluto mountains. In particular, there are two mountains, each of which is up to 161 kilometers in diameter and several kilometers high. The tops of these mountains are like the tops of volcanoes located on Earth and Mars. "Beyond the solar system, we have not seen anything like this" - admitted Ph.D., Researcher Research Center NASA's Ames in California, Oliver Wight.
According to experts of the American space agency, Mount Pluto are actually volcanoes. Only they do not spew molten lava, and a mix of frozen water and methane, ammonia or nitrogen. According to White, the assumption at first glance sounds crazy when applied to a dwarf planet, located 30 times farther from the Sun than the Earth, but "it's the only reasonable explanation for what is happening." "These mountains are very strange," - he intrigued journalists scientist.
In addition, the New Horizons probe on the surface of Pluto discovered several large cracks. The length of most of them is 322 km. The depth of the crack reaches four kilometers - is twice the US Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon). According to White, these features crust of Pluto indicate some global changes that have occurred once on the surface. Perhaps it is the decay of natural radioactive elements in the planet's core. Emerge out of this process, the heat was the cause of transformation.
воскресенье, 8 ноября 2015 г.
Single silent electric helicopter flies at a speed of 100 km \ h
Recently presented at the exhibition in the Japanese city of Nagoya, the new helicopters can travel at speeds up to a hundred kilometers per hour, flying to 30 minutes at a time.
Being electric, helicopters are also very low noise. Are there single version (sold for $ 375 thousand), and unmanned aerial vehicles ($ 125,000).
Hirobo company believes that only an internal market for this kind of technology in 2021 will grow to $ 120 million.
Technologies such mobility is obviously useful in the event of earthquakes and other natural disasters, when you need to send people in difficult and dangerous terrain to search for survivors.
Hirobo also hopes to develop a two-seater version of the helicopter.
Earlier GEN Corporation has developed a helicopter GEN H-4, which, as they said, was the smallest manned helicopter in the world.
Recently presented at the exhibition in the Japanese city of Nagoya, the new helicopters can travel at speeds up to a hundred kilometers per hour, flying to 30 minutes at a time.
Being electric, helicopters are also very low noise. Are there single version (sold for $ 375 thousand), and unmanned aerial vehicles ($ 125,000).
Hirobo company believes that only an internal market for this kind of technology in 2021 will grow to $ 120 million.
Technologies such mobility is obviously useful in the event of earthquakes and other natural disasters, when you need to send people in difficult and dangerous terrain to search for survivors.
Hirobo also hopes to develop a two-seater version of the helicopter.
Earlier GEN Corporation has developed a helicopter GEN H-4, which, as they said, was the smallest manned helicopter in the world.
In 2017, scientists intend to dot to edit the human genome
This design Editing genome scientists call a progressive innovative technology that is destined to revolutionize medicine, and to help people in the victory over the most complex congenital diseases. Simply put, we are talking about changes in the genes of human error, which served as the cause of a disease. So far, studies conducted in the laboratory.
The project is named «Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats» abbreviated CRISPR. By 2017, the preparatory phase will be completed and it will be possible to start clinical tests.
According to the explanation of specialists, CRISPR at the level of genetics will deliver the people, for example, congenital blindness and other diseases, received by inheritance. They also assured the simplicity and relatively low cost of development «Editas Medicine». Innovation is so affordable that it will allow scientists around the world use its capabilities in genetic engineering experiments.
This design Editing genome scientists call a progressive innovative technology that is destined to revolutionize medicine, and to help people in the victory over the most complex congenital diseases. Simply put, we are talking about changes in the genes of human error, which served as the cause of a disease. So far, studies conducted in the laboratory.
The project is named «Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats» abbreviated CRISPR. By 2017, the preparatory phase will be completed and it will be possible to start clinical tests.
According to the explanation of specialists, CRISPR at the level of genetics will deliver the people, for example, congenital blindness and other diseases, received by inheritance. They also assured the simplicity and relatively low cost of development «Editas Medicine». Innovation is so affordable that it will allow scientists around the world use its capabilities in genetic engineering experiments.
Vikings - facts and fallacies
One Nation
The Vikings were not the representatives of the people, it was a motley group of soldiers, travelers and traders under the direction of the leader. During the Viking Age Scandinavia was not divided into large states (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), and consisted of many areas under the supervision of such groups. In general, the Norse word "Viking" is not tied to any location, and means a person participating in the march to the sea.
Wild and dirty
Many feature films and cartoons, the Vikings are shown dirty and wild men and women, but in fact, they care about their appearance. Combs, tweezers, razors - the most frequent findings during excavations of Viking settlement. We found the remains of soap, which the Vikings made their own. In England, the Vikings, on the contrary, considered Neat because bathed once a week (Saturday). In Scandinavian languages is still Saturday the word means "bath day", even though it themselves descendants of the Vikings did not think.
Large blondes
The Vikings are also shown in cinematographic massive, with long blond hair. Interestingly, analysis of historical records and data excavation has shown that the average growth of blond was about 170 centimeters, which is very little, even by ancient standards. With blond hair more interesting situation - they are considered ideal from the Vikings, but not all had light hair. To correct this misunderstanding use special whitening soap. Even the Vikings were hospitable people, and a lot of foreigners pouring into the Viking tribes, so that among them were Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French and even Russian. It is understood that all of them had different weight and growth characteristics and color of hair.
The Vikings drank from skull
The source of this legend - the product of a certain Ole Worm "Reuner seu Danica literatura antiquissima" in 1636, where he wrote that Danish warriors drank from the "curved skulls." Upon further translation into Latin of the phrases have only the word "skulls". In addition, during the excavation still has not found a single cup made from the skull.
Rough weapons
Another feature of the cinematic Vikings - gross mismanagement use of weapons like batons and axes, or even its absence. In fact, the Vikings were good gunsmith, and using forged composite technology (the same used in the manufacture of Damascus blades), they were able to make a very strong and sharp weapons. According to the folklore of the Vikings, to check the severity of the sword, he fell into a running creek, and through it indulged hair. If your hair is cut, the sword was considered to be sharp.
Scandinavia - Motherland
The Vikings appeared in Scandinavia, but eventually settled around the world, reaching North Africa, Russia, and even North America. There are several theories to explain the causes of the expansion, the most logical of them associated with the depletion of land resources and the increase in the population of Scandinavia, which is why it was necessary to look for new places to live. Another reason - the proceeds from the exhaustion of trade between Western Europe and Asia after the fall of the Roman Empire in the V century, after which the Vikings had to look for new "fish" places.
Hated by all
As a consequence of previous errors appeared the opinion that the Vikings were unwelcome everywhere, outcasts, their supposedly hated everything. In reality, they are not only hated (as well as any other nation), but also respected. The French king Charles III, known as Charles just gave the Vikings the land in what is now Normandy, and married his daughter to one of the leaders of the Viking Rollo. These "domesticated" Vikings later repeatedly defended the French territory from encroachment of other Vikings. In Constantinople, Vikings respected for their strength and courage, so that by the Byzantine emperor was put in a special Varangian guard composed of Swedish Vikings.
The bloodthirsty and cruel
Viking attacks were bloodthirsty and brutal, if not to think about others. While other methods of waging war was not - all were bloodthirsty and cruel - the French and the British, and other nations. For example, a contemporary of the Vikings, King Charles the Great virtually destroyed the people of the Avars (the ancient union of tribes who lived on the Volga River and on the shores of the Caspian Sea), and at Verdun beheaded nearly 5000 residents of Saxony. Vikings can not be called the most blood-thirsty, they had another "chip" - the complete destruction of all connected with an alien religion (monasteries, churches), including the ministers of these religions. It's so scared of others, that the residents of the villages, barely seen on the horizon mast Viking ships, fled without a fight.
Solid robbery
A very small part of the Vikings were warriors, and the rest were engaged in agriculture, crafts and animal husbandry. For marine expeditions robbery was one of the "bonuses", which refused one, not only the Vikings. Most Vikings lived peacefully in the lands of what is now Iceland and Greenland, and were regarded as sophisticated traders who had dealings with the representatives of different nations and countries.
Horned helmets
This is probably the biggest misconception. Still not found evidence of archaeological or written, that the Vikings wore helmets with horns. All found helmets have horns and their design does not provide for such excesses. Most likely, this error kept the early Christians who believed the Vikings accomplices of the devil, so they were supposed to intimidate wearing horns on his helmet. Norwegian Thor the god on his helmet had wings, which at a certain percentage of fantasy can be taken by the horns.
One Nation
The Vikings were not the representatives of the people, it was a motley group of soldiers, travelers and traders under the direction of the leader. During the Viking Age Scandinavia was not divided into large states (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), and consisted of many areas under the supervision of such groups. In general, the Norse word "Viking" is not tied to any location, and means a person participating in the march to the sea.
Wild and dirty
Many feature films and cartoons, the Vikings are shown dirty and wild men and women, but in fact, they care about their appearance. Combs, tweezers, razors - the most frequent findings during excavations of Viking settlement. We found the remains of soap, which the Vikings made their own. In England, the Vikings, on the contrary, considered Neat because bathed once a week (Saturday). In Scandinavian languages is still Saturday the word means "bath day", even though it themselves descendants of the Vikings did not think.
Large blondes
The Vikings are also shown in cinematographic massive, with long blond hair. Interestingly, analysis of historical records and data excavation has shown that the average growth of blond was about 170 centimeters, which is very little, even by ancient standards. With blond hair more interesting situation - they are considered ideal from the Vikings, but not all had light hair. To correct this misunderstanding use special whitening soap. Even the Vikings were hospitable people, and a lot of foreigners pouring into the Viking tribes, so that among them were Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French and even Russian. It is understood that all of them had different weight and growth characteristics and color of hair.
The Vikings drank from skull
The source of this legend - the product of a certain Ole Worm "Reuner seu Danica literatura antiquissima" in 1636, where he wrote that Danish warriors drank from the "curved skulls." Upon further translation into Latin of the phrases have only the word "skulls". In addition, during the excavation still has not found a single cup made from the skull.
Rough weapons
Another feature of the cinematic Vikings - gross mismanagement use of weapons like batons and axes, or even its absence. In fact, the Vikings were good gunsmith, and using forged composite technology (the same used in the manufacture of Damascus blades), they were able to make a very strong and sharp weapons. According to the folklore of the Vikings, to check the severity of the sword, he fell into a running creek, and through it indulged hair. If your hair is cut, the sword was considered to be sharp.
Scandinavia - Motherland
The Vikings appeared in Scandinavia, but eventually settled around the world, reaching North Africa, Russia, and even North America. There are several theories to explain the causes of the expansion, the most logical of them associated with the depletion of land resources and the increase in the population of Scandinavia, which is why it was necessary to look for new places to live. Another reason - the proceeds from the exhaustion of trade between Western Europe and Asia after the fall of the Roman Empire in the V century, after which the Vikings had to look for new "fish" places.
Hated by all
As a consequence of previous errors appeared the opinion that the Vikings were unwelcome everywhere, outcasts, their supposedly hated everything. In reality, they are not only hated (as well as any other nation), but also respected. The French king Charles III, known as Charles just gave the Vikings the land in what is now Normandy, and married his daughter to one of the leaders of the Viking Rollo. These "domesticated" Vikings later repeatedly defended the French territory from encroachment of other Vikings. In Constantinople, Vikings respected for their strength and courage, so that by the Byzantine emperor was put in a special Varangian guard composed of Swedish Vikings.
The bloodthirsty and cruel
Viking attacks were bloodthirsty and brutal, if not to think about others. While other methods of waging war was not - all were bloodthirsty and cruel - the French and the British, and other nations. For example, a contemporary of the Vikings, King Charles the Great virtually destroyed the people of the Avars (the ancient union of tribes who lived on the Volga River and on the shores of the Caspian Sea), and at Verdun beheaded nearly 5000 residents of Saxony. Vikings can not be called the most blood-thirsty, they had another "chip" - the complete destruction of all connected with an alien religion (monasteries, churches), including the ministers of these religions. It's so scared of others, that the residents of the villages, barely seen on the horizon mast Viking ships, fled without a fight.
Solid robbery
A very small part of the Vikings were warriors, and the rest were engaged in agriculture, crafts and animal husbandry. For marine expeditions robbery was one of the "bonuses", which refused one, not only the Vikings. Most Vikings lived peacefully in the lands of what is now Iceland and Greenland, and were regarded as sophisticated traders who had dealings with the representatives of different nations and countries.
Horned helmets
This is probably the biggest misconception. Still not found evidence of archaeological or written, that the Vikings wore helmets with horns. All found helmets have horns and their design does not provide for such excesses. Most likely, this error kept the early Christians who believed the Vikings accomplices of the devil, so they were supposed to intimidate wearing horns on his helmet. Norwegian Thor the god on his helmet had wings, which at a certain percentage of fantasy can be taken by the horns.
пятница, 6 ноября 2015 г.
Scientists were able to measure the strength of the interaction of antiprotons
An international team of physicists for the first time to accurately measure the strength of the interaction of antiprotons - the particles of antimatter. During the experiments, the American RHIC collider researchers dispersed gold ions to near-light speed. Thus they were able to find out what the roots of the baryon asymmetry of the universe.
The study is published in the magazine Nature. The experiments were carried out at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC), which is located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US. The study involved an international team of physicists, including Russian. At RHIC collider face overclocked to near light speeds gold ions. As a result of these clashes in a very short time, the conditions in which there is a substance through the moments after the Big Bang.
As commonly understood today, at the birth of the universe particles and antiparticles should have to appear in equal amounts. Now, however, there is no antimatter in the universe. Scientists hope to find out what the cause of this asymmetry. In analyzing data from RHIC, they found traces of a pair of strong interaction of antiprotons.
The strong interaction - one of the four fundamental interactions in physics. It brings together the quarks, gluons and composed of these particles called hadrons. They hold atoms together into protons and neutrons and elementary particles - from the decay into quarks. It is believed that in the early stages of the Universe there was one strong and electroweak interactions, from which the inflationary stage (in the interval of exponential expansion) was the allocation of the strong interaction.
Physicists wondered what the reason for the absence of antimatter in the universe, and if she could lie in the fact that the nature of the strong interaction between its particles may be little, but differ on how to interact with each other, protons, neutrons, and other inhabitants of the microcosm of matter. It turned out that all options, including the strength of the interaction of antiprotons are identical. "They made a very difficult measurement," - says physicist William Gibbs from the State University of New Mexico.
All this, as explained by scientists, suggests that the roots of the baryon asymmetry of the universe - the predominance of matter over antimatter in the observable universe - to be found in some other place. Now physicists can begin a serious study of complex nuclei of atoms of antimatter - antideuterium, antitritium, antihelium-3 and 4 received the same RHIC.
An international team of physicists for the first time to accurately measure the strength of the interaction of antiprotons - the particles of antimatter. During the experiments, the American RHIC collider researchers dispersed gold ions to near-light speed. Thus they were able to find out what the roots of the baryon asymmetry of the universe.
The study is published in the magazine Nature. The experiments were carried out at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC), which is located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US. The study involved an international team of physicists, including Russian. At RHIC collider face overclocked to near light speeds gold ions. As a result of these clashes in a very short time, the conditions in which there is a substance through the moments after the Big Bang.
As commonly understood today, at the birth of the universe particles and antiparticles should have to appear in equal amounts. Now, however, there is no antimatter in the universe. Scientists hope to find out what the cause of this asymmetry. In analyzing data from RHIC, they found traces of a pair of strong interaction of antiprotons.
The strong interaction - one of the four fundamental interactions in physics. It brings together the quarks, gluons and composed of these particles called hadrons. They hold atoms together into protons and neutrons and elementary particles - from the decay into quarks. It is believed that in the early stages of the Universe there was one strong and electroweak interactions, from which the inflationary stage (in the interval of exponential expansion) was the allocation of the strong interaction.
Physicists wondered what the reason for the absence of antimatter in the universe, and if she could lie in the fact that the nature of the strong interaction between its particles may be little, but differ on how to interact with each other, protons, neutrons, and other inhabitants of the microcosm of matter. It turned out that all options, including the strength of the interaction of antiprotons are identical. "They made a very difficult measurement," - says physicist William Gibbs from the State University of New Mexico.
All this, as explained by scientists, suggests that the roots of the baryon asymmetry of the universe - the predominance of matter over antimatter in the observable universe - to be found in some other place. Now physicists can begin a serious study of complex nuclei of atoms of antimatter - antideuterium, antitritium, antihelium-3 and 4 received the same RHIC.
It reported the first case of "infection" of human cancer
American scientists have for the first time faced with a case where a cancerous tumor was transmitted by parasites. In a study of 41-year-old man found a tumor-like cancer, but too small for the human cancer cells. It was found that these tumors are transferred from the belt of dwarf tapeworms.
According to the agency "Xinhua", a study authored by scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention United States has shown that cancer cells arising from parasite "dwarf tapeworm» (Hymenolepis nana), moved into the host - 41-year-old man whose immunity has been weakened HIV infection.
A man from the city of Medellin in Colombia went to the doctor with complaints of fever, cough, fatigue and weight loss - all of these symptoms persist for several months. The study showed that the tumor in the patient's lungs, liver, adrenal glands, lymph nodes. Growths looked like cancers, but cancer cells were too small for human cancer cells.
The results of DNA analysis amazed scientists. It was found that the cancer cells are transmitted to humans from dwarf tapeworms - dwarf tapeworm. We know that cancer can be transmitted to other animals dog, Tasmanian Devil and shellfish, but this is the first case of "contamination" from the parasites of human cancer, the researchers say. Results of the study raised concerns of physicians, people with weakened immune systems are at risk of sick of this kind of cancer. Particular risk in the less developed countries, where widespread dwarf tapeworm.
"We were amazed when we found this new type of cancer that is transmitted from person to tapeworms - said the study's lead author Myuhlenbas Atis (Atis Muehlenbachs). - It is uncommon, but, nevertheless, this parasite is spread throughout the world, and millions of people suffer from diseases such as HIV that weaken their immune system. It is definitely worth looking into. "
According to the "Xinhua", similar but unconfirmed incident occurred in January 2013, when doctors in Colombia appealed to the Centers for Disease Control United States to help in the diagnosis of unusual tumors in the lungs and lymph nodes of the patient. Tumors were similar to human cancer, but the cells were too small - about 10 times less than the human cancer cells. After dozens of tests, doctors found the dwarf tapeworm DNA in tumors man. Unfortunately, 72 hours after analysis, the patient died. We add that the dwarf tapeworm affects up to 75 million people, thus being the most common parasite.
American scientists have for the first time faced with a case where a cancerous tumor was transmitted by parasites. In a study of 41-year-old man found a tumor-like cancer, but too small for the human cancer cells. It was found that these tumors are transferred from the belt of dwarf tapeworms.
According to the agency "Xinhua", a study authored by scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention United States has shown that cancer cells arising from parasite "dwarf tapeworm» (Hymenolepis nana), moved into the host - 41-year-old man whose immunity has been weakened HIV infection.
A man from the city of Medellin in Colombia went to the doctor with complaints of fever, cough, fatigue and weight loss - all of these symptoms persist for several months. The study showed that the tumor in the patient's lungs, liver, adrenal glands, lymph nodes. Growths looked like cancers, but cancer cells were too small for human cancer cells.
The results of DNA analysis amazed scientists. It was found that the cancer cells are transmitted to humans from dwarf tapeworms - dwarf tapeworm. We know that cancer can be transmitted to other animals dog, Tasmanian Devil and shellfish, but this is the first case of "contamination" from the parasites of human cancer, the researchers say. Results of the study raised concerns of physicians, people with weakened immune systems are at risk of sick of this kind of cancer. Particular risk in the less developed countries, where widespread dwarf tapeworm.
"We were amazed when we found this new type of cancer that is transmitted from person to tapeworms - said the study's lead author Myuhlenbas Atis (Atis Muehlenbachs). - It is uncommon, but, nevertheless, this parasite is spread throughout the world, and millions of people suffer from diseases such as HIV that weaken their immune system. It is definitely worth looking into. "
According to the "Xinhua", similar but unconfirmed incident occurred in January 2013, when doctors in Colombia appealed to the Centers for Disease Control United States to help in the diagnosis of unusual tumors in the lungs and lymph nodes of the patient. Tumors were similar to human cancer, but the cells were too small - about 10 times less than the human cancer cells. After dozens of tests, doctors found the dwarf tapeworm DNA in tumors man. Unfortunately, 72 hours after analysis, the patient died. We add that the dwarf tapeworm affects up to 75 million people, thus being the most common parasite.
вторник, 3 ноября 2015 г.
Scientists have provided dental implants antibacterial properties.
3D-printing technology is widely used in modern medicine, because thanks to her doctors can print a variety of fragments of the body of patients from different materials. One of the new developments in this area was the development of a team of researchers from the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. They learn to type dental implants, capable of destroying 99% of harmful bacteria in the human oral cavity.
A team of scientists headed by Andreas Hermann developed a unique material from which they are printed and antibacterial implants. At the core of the material is a mixture of ammonium antibacterial and standard dental resin solidifies when exposed to ultraviolet rays at her. Ammonium salts contained in implants destroy the bacterial membrane, resulting in their death.
During tests on implants applied a mixture of human saliva and bacteria, leading to tooth decay. The results exceeded all expectations - more than 99% of harmful bacteria colonies were completely wiped out. Material implants destroys the only bacteria without harming the cells of the human body.
But not so good in the case of this invention. At the moment, scientists are working on the next major issue. After all, along with the harmful bacteria implants can eliminate those bacteria that live in symbiosis with the man, protecting it from a variety of pathogens. That is why the team of researchers will spend a lot more tests before they come to a final conclusion - whether it is possible to run these implants are in mass production.
Even if the idea of implants would be unrealizable, scientists and others see the scope of the material created by them. For example, it can be used for water purification, creation of food packages, or even children's toys.
NASA scientists unraveled the mystery of "organic", discovered in samples of lunar soil
A team of scientists, funded by NASA to solve long-standing puzzle in front of space science related to the lunar mission series "Apollo" - the researchers finally established the origin of the organic substances found in the lunar soil samples returned to Earth. Samples of lunar soil brought to our planet by astronauts series of missions "Apollo" contain small amounts (a few ppm) of organic substances, namely amino acids. Some amino acids are the "building blocks" of proteins key to life forms molecules that comprise complex biological structures, such as hair and skin structure, and which, moreover, controlled chemical reactions in living organisms.
Since the lunar surface is completely unsuitable for any of the known forms of life scientists, the appearance of these amino acids in samples of lunar soil is associated with one of four possible sources. Firstly, these amino acids could be contamination from Earth, either delivered to the moon mission astronauts "Apollo" or got on the samples after their arrival on Earth. The second source of contamination could be gas emissions from the nozzles of rocket engines lunar modules in the chemical composition of which present hydrogen cyanide HCN, capable of storage of samples in the laboratory transformed into amino acids. A third possible source of amino acids - the solar wind, which includes hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, that is, all the elements of the periodic system needed to build amino acids. The fourth possible source of "organic" in these samples of lunar scientists call the asteroids, which are often bombarded the lunar surface, as in the asteroid sometimes find extraterrestrial amino acids.
In the new study, a team of scientists from NASA, led by Jamie Elsila of the Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, found by the method of isotope analysis, and on the basis of the ratio of right- and levorotatory isomers of amino acids found that most of the amino acids in samples of lunar soil with a contamination Earth, with a small contribution from the rare amino acids for the planet, having most likely origin of the asteroid. Versions that explain the origin of the detected in samples of amino acids emissions gas engines of the lunar module, or flow of the solar wind, scientists were able to rule out completely, as the gradient of amino acids, depending on the distance to the landing of the lunar module (the first case) or the depth of the sampling from the surface of the moon (the second case ) was observed.
понедельник, 2 ноября 2015 г.
Named the advantages of the "female" type of brain
Scientists compared the "female" and "male" brains and advantages of the first call compared with the second. The results of their research the authors submitted for publication in the Manchester School Journal, and brief them can be found at Independent.
According to the scientists, "women's brains» (E-type) aimed at better implementation of social functions and emotional responses to others, while "male brains» (S-type) are better able to analyze and organize any information.
This leads to that people S-type was prepared by approximately ten percent higher wages than those E-type. First with the show good results when working in the banking and IT-sphere, while the second - in the social security and education.
By their conclusions, scientists have analyzed the more than 16 thousand people who filled in a special questionnaire to assess the level of propensity to systematize and empathy E-S according to the theory proposed by scientists Simon Baron-Cohen.
Scientists compared the "female" and "male" brains and advantages of the first call compared with the second. The results of their research the authors submitted for publication in the Manchester School Journal, and brief them can be found at Independent.
According to the scientists, "women's brains» (E-type) aimed at better implementation of social functions and emotional responses to others, while "male brains» (S-type) are better able to analyze and organize any information.
This leads to that people S-type was prepared by approximately ten percent higher wages than those E-type. First with the show good results when working in the banking and IT-sphere, while the second - in the social security and education.
By their conclusions, scientists have analyzed the more than 16 thousand people who filled in a special questionnaire to assess the level of propensity to systematize and empathy E-S according to the theory proposed by scientists Simon Baron-Cohen.
NASA images showed looming giant asteroid to Earth
The researchers showed the first images of the giant asteroid 2015 TB145, closing in on Earth. This facility opened American automatic Pan-STARRS on Hawaii, and the first of his pictures received in the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. This was reported on the NASA website.
Upon receipt of the images, scientists have noticed in the middle of the dark areas of the asteroid, which, according to the astronomers, may be followed by an impact crater. Total October 30 were obtained six radar images of the asteroid. The resolution of images is equal to 7.5 meters per pixel.
With the radar system, astronomers know the parameters of the asteroid. The diameter of the celestial body reaches 600 meters (ten times larger than the Tunguska body), significantly more than previously thought. Asteroid makes a complete revolution around its axis in five hours and is directed toward the planet at a speed of 35 kilometers per second.
It is expected that at about 20:00 Moscow time a celestial body would be at a distance of 486,000 kilometers from the Earth's surface (1.3 times greater than the distance to the Moon). The asteroid will be visible from Russia (assuming clear sky) using binoculars or an amateur telescope. To distinguish the object from the other celestial objects can be in its movement across the sky in the constellation Ursa Major.
Asteroid 2015 TB145 opened October 10th Pan-STARRS system and is classified as a potentially dangerous object (because of its size and proximity to Earth). These objects include body sizes greater than 100 meters and are approaching the planet at a distance of 7.5 million kilometers.
The next time an asteroid close to Earth will be in September 2018 at a distance of 38 million kilometers (this is approximately a quarter of the distance between the planet and the Sun). Over the next 100 years, it is not harmful to the planet.
The researchers showed the first images of the giant asteroid 2015 TB145, closing in on Earth. This facility opened American automatic Pan-STARRS on Hawaii, and the first of his pictures received in the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. This was reported on the NASA website.
Upon receipt of the images, scientists have noticed in the middle of the dark areas of the asteroid, which, according to the astronomers, may be followed by an impact crater. Total October 30 were obtained six radar images of the asteroid. The resolution of images is equal to 7.5 meters per pixel.
With the radar system, astronomers know the parameters of the asteroid. The diameter of the celestial body reaches 600 meters (ten times larger than the Tunguska body), significantly more than previously thought. Asteroid makes a complete revolution around its axis in five hours and is directed toward the planet at a speed of 35 kilometers per second.
It is expected that at about 20:00 Moscow time a celestial body would be at a distance of 486,000 kilometers from the Earth's surface (1.3 times greater than the distance to the Moon). The asteroid will be visible from Russia (assuming clear sky) using binoculars or an amateur telescope. To distinguish the object from the other celestial objects can be in its movement across the sky in the constellation Ursa Major.
Asteroid 2015 TB145 opened October 10th Pan-STARRS system and is classified as a potentially dangerous object (because of its size and proximity to Earth). These objects include body sizes greater than 100 meters and are approaching the planet at a distance of 7.5 million kilometers.
The next time an asteroid close to Earth will be in September 2018 at a distance of 38 million kilometers (this is approximately a quarter of the distance between the planet and the Sun). Over the next 100 years, it is not harmful to the planet.
For the first time found a lizard with six tails
Argentine lizard set a record in regeneration - it grow a full six tails.
Many lizards can regenerate its tail in case of injury or reject it as a defense against predators. After the "reset" of the tail stops bleeding fast, heal wounds and regeneration begins.
Sometimes the tail can not be completely discarded, and the mechanism of regeneration is still turned on. So there are a lizard with two or three tails.
However shestihvostyh lizards are still not met. Young black and white tag (so-called lizard) brought Argentine researchers in Cordoba environmental police officers.
In the tag was heavy wound running along the tail. It was deep - enough for complete separation of the tail, but enough to promote a few points in the vertebrae of an animal, where regeneration occurs.
Scientists have concluded that these tails may impede the movement of lizards, their communication with neighbors and playing, reports New Scientist.
Recall some lizards are willing to sacrifice in order to save the life of not only the tail, but the whole of his skin. So do geckos Geckolepis, who live in Madagascar.
Argentine lizard set a record in regeneration - it grow a full six tails.
Many lizards can regenerate its tail in case of injury or reject it as a defense against predators. After the "reset" of the tail stops bleeding fast, heal wounds and regeneration begins.
Sometimes the tail can not be completely discarded, and the mechanism of regeneration is still turned on. So there are a lizard with two or three tails.
However shestihvostyh lizards are still not met. Young black and white tag (so-called lizard) brought Argentine researchers in Cordoba environmental police officers.
In the tag was heavy wound running along the tail. It was deep - enough for complete separation of the tail, but enough to promote a few points in the vertebrae of an animal, where regeneration occurs.
Scientists have concluded that these tails may impede the movement of lizards, their communication with neighbors and playing, reports New Scientist.
Recall some lizards are willing to sacrifice in order to save the life of not only the tail, but the whole of his skin. So do geckos Geckolepis, who live in Madagascar.
Engineers from South Korea taught artificial fingerprints to feel the texture of the surfaces and to perceive sound vibrations.
The results of their research published authors in the journal Science Advances, and brief them available online at Science News.
In its work, the engineers used the ideas suggested by nature. The tips of human fingers, according to experts, have an extremely high sensitivity, which scientists try to imitate in their microstructure ferroelectric artificial skin.
It consists of three layers. The first is protective, the other two - conductive. Exerting influence on the first layer (for example, pressing or heating), you can change the strength of the current between the two underlying layers. In particular, when the pressure is increased amperage, and the material expands when heated.
Also, artificial fingerprints learned to react to sound vibrations. That scientists were able to achieve due to the high sensitivity of the surface material artificial leather. Sound vibrations cause small perturbations in it and lead to a change in current between the two lower layers.
The technology of artificial skin has long been popular among scientists. Currently, there are several ways to simulate the human skin, but they are still only able to perceive the changes in pressure and temperature. Scientists from South Korea, according to them, have managed to create a sensor whose sensitivity is higher than the previous development.
In the next step the researchers plan to learn how to transmit signals from the artificial fingerprints into the brain of mice. Scientists note that the technology associated with the imitation of human integument, is gaining popularity. Experts do not exclude the occurrence of future special wearable sensors on human skin.
пятница, 30 октября 2015 г.
A new structural component of the Milky Way
The European Southern Observatory (ESO) announced the discovery of a previously unknown component of the Milky Way - the disk of young stars, hidden behind thick dust clouds.
The discovery was made in the course of mapping the stars provisions relating to the type Cepheids - the class of pulsating variable stars with a fairly accurate period-luminosity dependence. The observations were made using a wide-angle telescope VISTA, where multiple images are obtained of the central regions of the galaxy in the infrared wavelength range.
By studying the data collected, astronomers have found 655 candidates Cepheids - these stars pulsate periodically, ie, expand and contract, and significantly change their luster. The cycle of these changes range from a few days to several months.
In bright pulsation period of Cepheids is greater than that of the weak. This relation between period and luminosity of the star, opened in 1908, performed with great precision. This fact makes the observations of Cepheids one of the most effective ways to measure the distance to distant objects in the Milky Way and beyond, and to map the areas where these facilities are located.
This Cepheids are divided into two main classes, the stars of one of which is much younger than the other stars. Examining a sample of 655 stars, the astronomers determined that 35 of them belong to a subclass of classical Cepheids - bright young stars that are very different from the usual, much of old the inhabitants of the bulge (central spherical subsystem) of the Milky Way.
After analyzing the information about the brightness and the pulsation period of Cepheids these classic, scientists came to the conclusion that they are very young. All 35 light detection younger than 100 million years, and some of them may have an age of about 25 million years. Astronomers do not exclude the possible existence of even more young and bright Cepheids.
Age discovered classical Cepheids is strong evidence for the existence of previously unknown permanent during the last 100 million years, a source of new stars in the center of the Milky Way.
Moreover, by placing the card found Cepheids, experts have traced the outlines of an entirely new structural element of the Milky Way - a thin disk of young stars, crosses the galactic bulge. This new component of our galaxy went unnoticed in previous surveys of the sky, as it was hidden by dense dust clouds.
Scientists have made "an acoustic hologram" in the power beam that can move small objects
Surely you've seen repeatedly hologram having a depth of three-dimensional images that occur above or below the flat surface. This three-dimensional effect arises as a result of "the optical three-dimensional space", which is created by the interaction of diffraction and the rays of light transmitted or reflected from the holographic plate. In essence, this is a three-dimensional structure of the light projected into space with the help of an image recorded on a holographic plate.
Light waves are not the only kind of vibrations that can be controlled and with which you can create in the space of three-dimensional structures for such purposes can be used and sound (acoustic) waves. And, unlike light with sound waves can have a direct impact on small physical structures. Researchers at the Public University of Navarra (Public University of Navarre), Spain created a kind of ultrasonic hologram, which allows you to work on small objects, like a force beam space ship USS Enterprise in a series of science fiction films "Star Trek / Star Trek".
Acoustic effects on material objects are usually created by a plurality of ultrasonic transducer or one aimed at a special reflector. In the space between the two elements formed a standing acoustic wave in the minima and maxima which can be kept small objects. Changing the phase of the ultrasonic wave emitted makes minima and maxima move, dragging the held object. This is quite an interesting technology, but it works only within the space enclosed between the emitter and reflector, and therefore it is less interesting than the technology of "Star Trek."
Acoustic hologram is a method of creating three-dimensional space structures consisting of sound vibrations. In this case, these holograms are 20 by 20 array of ultrasonic transducers reproducing the ultrasound with a frequency of 40 kilohertz. Each transmitter is equipped with a kind of acoustic lens that allows you to "focus" the acoustic waves at a certain height above the surface of the emitter. To create a holographic structure, all emitters generate sound waves with a particular phase and amplitude. The interaction of these waves creates a space in the area with pressure drops that may have an impact on material objects.
Forces of these effects is enough to capture and hold a light foam particle diameter of about 3 millimeters, but the main advantage of this approach is that the hologram system has a second reflecting component, and may act in the surrounding space theoretically without any restrictions. Moreover, the creation of complex holographic "paintings" and move allows you to keep several material objects.
The absence of the second element in such a system before it opens a lot of potential applications in various fields. These speakers' power rays "can be used to control the movement of microscopic instruments inside the human body, which, for example, can break up kidney stones or produce microsurgical operations. Alternatively, such techniques may be used to create a "display material" pixels which will be tiny material objects.
At present, the weight and size of objects that can be manipulated with the help of an acoustic hologram depends on the power of ultrasonic transducers. Therefore, taking a strong emitting device can lift and move objects of great size and weight. Unfortunately, this method is unlikely to happen to move people and other living organisms, they rather their cells can not withstand the harmful effects of strong high-frequency acoustic oscillations.
On Charon discovered a mysterious young crater
Analyzing the new batch of data from the station New Horizons, the scientists found on Charon - Pluto's largest moon - the mysterious crater ammonia. In addition, NASA received a picture crescent dwarf planet. This was reported on the agency's website.
Station New Horizons discovered probably the youngest crater on Charon. He got the name of the Authority and rich frozen ammonia. In 2000, scientists using the Hubble telescope observed on Charon ammonia, but not in such large concentrations.
In the photo provided by NASA, are located next to two identical crater with a diameter of up to five kilometers each, one of which is rich in ammonia (marked in green) and the other (called Skywalker) - no.
The reasons for this difference are not clear to scientists. Experts agree that the first crater appeared relatively recently and is the youngest of Charon. In addition, the researchers point out that ammonia can act as antifreeze and provide cryovolcanism (in the form of eruptions of water and ammonia) on the satellite dwarf planet. Another hypothesis is that the ammonia could be recorded on a satellite falling on its surface asteroid.
A composite picture of the crater obtained July 14, 2015 at a distance of 81 thousand kilometers from Charon using the tool Ralph / LEISA. Image resolution up to five kilometers per pixel. On Earth, these data came on October 1-4. Other data on the crater were obtained using a tool LORRI (Long Range Reconnaissance Imager) and reached the Earth on October 5-6.
Snapshot Crescent received scientific instrument MVIC (Multi-spectral Visible Imaging Camera) from a distance of 18 thousand kilometers away from the dwarf planet. It is made of 14 July 2015 in 15 minutes after closest approach to Pluto station.
The picture, taken at the world in September and treated, noticeable atmospheric haze rocky landscape and profiles of the dwarf planet. On the illuminated side of the plateau much Sputnik, which adjoin the mountain height of 3.5 kilometers, including mountain regions Tenzing and Hillary.
Space probe New Horizons beginning September 5 2015 peak phase of the data obtained on the main stage of research, on 14 July this year, during the next flyby of Pluto and its moons. On the transfer of multiple gigabytes of data will take about a year.
The station is located at a distance of more than 5 billion kilometers from the Earth. It is expected that in 2019 it will reach planetoid 2014 MU69, at a distance of 1.6 billion kilometers from Pluto in the Kuiper belt. This object can send New Horizons after the dwarf planet. The mission of New Horizons is expected to complete in mid-2020s.
The main objective of New Horizons is the study of Pluto and its moon Charon. Scientific equipment installed on it, designed to collect data about the possible presence of the magnetosphere from the dwarf planet, its atmosphere, composition and structure of the surface, as well as on cooperation with Charon.
It disclosed the secret origin of allergies
A group of researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine were able to explain the origin of allergies. Biologists have identified the molecular similarities between proteins cause allergic reactions from food proteins and multicellular parasites. The findings are published in the scientific journal PLOS Computational Biology.
As it turned out, allergic reactions are the wrong response of the immune system to harmless substances from the environment. As we know, the human immune system has been formed in the course of evolution, and its main goal - to counteract diseases carried by parasitic organisms. However, the great strides in medicine, we were able to win the majority of these parasites, the immune system is now mistakenly thinks they are allergic to food or air.
The researchers, led by Nicholas Fernhemom used computational biology techniques to calculate exactly which proteins from organisms parasitic worms can cause similar allergic reactions. It was found that one of these proteins is a part of pollen, which, in turn, is a very common allergen.
"Allergies - is the price humanity pays for the salvation of parasites," - said Dr. Fernhem.
Conclusions Fernhema and his colleagues indirectly confirmed by other studies: for example, the study of leading a primitive way of life of the peoples has shown that living in their bodies bacteria and parasites protect them from many diseases characteristic of modern developed societies. Thus, the loss of intestinal microbes and parasitic worms is one of the factors contributing to autoimmune diseases.
Air farm "dehydrogenase" - the next step in Agriculture after vertical farms. On land, they will look like a huge green blimps put to the side. 30% of their products - seaweed processing of carbon, hydrogen and fuel self-sufficiency. The ocean is planned to start similar sea farm in the case of easily engaging with the air.
10 incredible things that can be done with sound
Sound waves can do incredible things with the practical application of science, art and medicine. In this collection you will find a list of ten such things.
1. Destroy the sound
The company "Orfild Labs" in Minneapolis built the quietest room in the world, it is used to test low noise (hum light bulbs, for example). The walls are completely sound-proof, but the sound level is 9 dB - it is so quiet that you can hear the sounds of their own work of internal organs. This sensory deprivation exacerbates all the senses, causing strange sensations in the body and brain. After spending a long time in this room, you run the risk of schizophrenia or acquire such strange powers, like the ability to feel the color to taste. A man can stand it no more than 45 minutes, then begin hallucinating.
2. To hide the sound of
Have you noticed that when walking through the woods at different times, such as day and night, you hear the sound a little different? If a day like all the noise merge, in the middle of the night every rustle sounded like a shot.
This phenomenon occurs when sound waves change their direction (refracted) due to temperature fluctuations during the diurnal cycle. During the day they go up, where the air temperature is lower and mainly distributed over your head, creating a zone of "acoustic shadow".
The effect is widely used by sailors in the ocean: to escape from the sound vibrations they are hiding in the area of acoustic shadow from enemy sonar.
3. Arm sound
Users are able to turn almost everything into a weapon, even a sound. «The Long Range Acoustic Device» - a device that is used for these purposes. It looks like a darkened floodlight that shoots "beam" the sound volume of about 150 decibels at a distance of tens of meters. Sonic weapons can be used to suppress riots and unrest: the device can cause severe pain and damage health. Sound guns already used in European courts to deter Somali pirates.
4. Sound as Art
Sound waves can be made visible, it is called "Cymatics". For example, if you saw the impact of sound on the tank with sand, sand and stir to create a variety of shapes.
The first who discovered this, Galileo began in 1632, the year. He noticed that if you hold on a plate with fine particles of material cutter, they take the form of parallel lines of grinding.
5. Sound killer
Theoretically, a person can kill the sound pressure, but it looks like it is not, as you imagine. What usually follows a strong explosion overpressure is called - is a huge increase in atmospheric pressure. Some explosions can cause extremely loud noise, which, however, can not be heard, because the eardrums burst at around 160 decibels. But 200 decibels is enough to break the lungs and cause internal damage.
During World War I caused the death of so many questions: because of the lack of the human body visible damage, no one could understand, from which he died. So when you see the scene in the film how the hero, cast off the explosion, easily rises and goes about his business - this is nonsense. In real life, he would have been dead and deaf.
6. Sound helps fight crime
Businessmen and representatives of authorities in some cities in the United States decided to include classical music in the subway in areas with high crime rates. It turns out that the classics can disperse the aggressive teenagers and hooligans from public places - it seems it sounds unpleasant, causing discomfort and forced to leave in search of quiet.
For example, in London in 2003, the year and a half years in the underground included classical music. During this time, vandalism and robberies have decreased by a third.
7. Turn the sound laser
The laser produces a very narrow beam of light capable of moving even in a vacuum as opposed to sound waves requiring mediation environment. The Japanese in 2010 was created audio device capable of emitting a beam of sound - phaser. Its frequency was 170 KHz, and is eight times greater than the human perception threshold. The phaser is used for medical purposes.
8. Sound treats
Device «HIFU Transducer» focuses acoustic energy and emits a tremendous amount of heat, this phenomenon can be compared with a magnifying glass, transmissive sunlight. Professor of surgery at the University of Washington, said: "With this device, you can do all the same thing as using ultrasound." For example, the device is able to "seal" pork punctured lung in two minutes. This is a huge step in the non-invasive surgery.
9. Return to the sound past
One of the most interesting areas of science is arheoakustika - the use of sound in archeology. For example, each room of your house has its own sound, depending on the availability of accessories, furniture and other items. Scientists from the University of Salfold UK decided to learn how to sound Stonehenge. Writing the reflected sound waves from Stonehenge, and then built a computer model, the researchers found that the megaliths create a reflective space, similar to the lecture hall.
10. Sound like a compass
It is known that bats and birds orient themselves in space by means of sound waves, but until recently, scientists could not figure out exactly how the birds are at a great distance the way home. In 1997, geophysicist Jonathan Hastram found that about 60 thousand pigeons are lost during the migration to England from France - the way they crossed the bass sound from the aircraft. Inaudible to the human ear, it greatly disrupted the internal compass of birds. Hagstrom saw that the birds create a unique "sound cards" for navigation, but the objects erected by man, or change their landscape can greatly confuse birds.
It's incredible: 11:00 Elephant saved my baby from the well
This happened in India. Stupid kid fell into the well. Mother hurried to the rescue, I began to drag his proboscis, then legs. But, unfortunately, I made it worse. The well began to crumble the soil - the soil is mixed with water and turns into dirt.
But the elephant continued his hard work.
Over time we come to the aid of the peasants from the surrounding villages. They eventually helped pull the baby. Clearing the ground near the top of the well, they have lowered the level of the soil, and the elephant was able to raise to the surface.
Her persistence paid off. Tired, but happy, she rescued her child from the trap.
Doom Kennedy clan
American Kennedy biographers claim that supposedly still in Ireland, when the founders of the dynasty were rich farmers, head of the family refused to the poor in a piece of bread and pulled the dogs on them. In response, he heard a terrible curse, which is already in the twentieth century was imposed, so to speak, no less terrible.
This curse was connected with Joseph Patrick Kennedy - conceited, rude and literally obsessed with delusions of man power. His favorite phrase was: "One of my sons will become president." His children were supposed to be impeccable in all ...
In 1920, at the Rose and Joseph was born a girl. She was named Rosemary. At first she did not differ from their peers, but over the years it has identified one drawback: it confused the letters.
For Joseph Kennedy, it was a real blow. He found his daughter and the insane, when Rosemary was 21, forced her to the dreaded brain surgery - lobotomy, which doctors have resorted to, as a rule, only at the patient's raving madness.
The operation went very badly: at Rosemary paralyzed left arm, neck muscles stopped listening, and the girl's head hung helplessly to one side. It was a horrible sight! On top of all Rosemary was speechless. And the father has not found anything better than to permanently lock up his daughter in a home for the insane.
The researchers note that it is shortly afterwards on the Kennedy clan attacked numerous misfortunes. In 1944, Joseph Jr., was killed: his plane without good reason exploded over the English Channel.
In the same year, Sister Kathleen lost her husband, an Englishman, Lord Hartington, who was killed during the landing of Allied troops in France. Four years later, killed in a plane crash, and again in France itself Kathleen.
In 1963 again two deaths. Patrick first die, the second son of John F. Kennedy, then a bullet maniac killed in Dallas, and the father - the president of the United States.
"Somebody up there does not like us obviously!" - In the hearts cried Robert Kennedy in 1964. His words proved prophetic: after four years, Senator and candidate for the White House, was killed, as his older brother, another fanatic in Los Angeles.
Senator was accompanied by several television crews, and it so happened that a live broadcast of the assassination saw practically the whole world.
In 1984, in his hotel room in Palm Beach, Florida on the excess doses of the drug died younger son Robert - David.
December 31, 1997, a few hours before the New Year the Kennedy family suffered a new tragedy. 39-year-old Michael Kennedy, the eldest son, Robert, was killed during a skiing trip at the station in Aspen Colorado.
As an experienced skier, he flew off the road and on a steep descent into a tree. Having a serious spinal injury, he was immediately taken to hospital, where he died without regaining consciousness.
And two goda in a plane crash killed the son of John Fitzgerald Kennedy - John F. Kennedy Jr. - with his wife and her sister.
Doom pursued and those with whom the representatives of the Kennedy clan were related. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis became his wife, along with her husband mourned the sudden death of his sister-and the mysterious death of his first wife.
Together they buried favorite son Alexander Onassis, as well as the experienced and attempted suicide Christina Onassis. In the long run, and Jacqueline Onassis and we lost everything they had.
The curse of the Kennedy clan in the United States started talking again in the 2012th. The wife of the nephew of the 35th US president John F. Kennedy - Mary committed suicide. The body of 52-year-old woman was found in a shed in the territory of its estates Bradford in New York. Local newspapers reported that Mary hanged.
Mary and Robert tied the knot in 1994. Many were jealous of Mary Richardson - still, she married the son of Robert Kennedy and nephew of President John F. Kennedy, becoming a member of one of the most powerful political and financial clans America!
Mary married life first evolved quite well and she gave birth to four children beloved husband. But then, as was the case with almost all the women in the family Kennedy, Mary learned about the frequent infidelities spouse ended up two years ago, Robert filed for divorce.
Mary began a prolonged depression. She sought access to alcohol and drugs. However, the Kennedy family in every way prevented this information gets into the press.
Mary was not a public person, trying not to "shine" at various parties and receptions. Her name surfaced in the press a few times, but only one belonging to one of the most famous and wealthy families States and the circumstances of the death again led the public to remember the so-called "curse" hanging over the name Kennedy, and some "dark forces", "accompanying "members of the famous family. On this day say even those who do not believe in mysticism.
Dentistry past
You are afraid to go to the dentist? If - yes, these five horror stories for you! You will no longer be afraid of dentists. Just imagine what people did before.
Dentistry Middle Ages
Perhaps the most innocuous procedure for getting rid of tooth pain proposed 400 years ago by German scientist Kardanus. He advised the patient to sit for several hours with his mouth open, turned towards the Moon in the opinion of medieval healer, lunar rays have a beneficial effect on the diseased tooth. A famous scholar Pliny in I century AD recommended to put in the ear with a sick tooth crow or sparrow droppings mixed with oil. But if home treatment is not helping, I had to go to the doctor. However, the ancient Aesculapius were taken to treat dental diseases patients are not on the side where it hurts. In those days, doctors used as a first means of toothache ... enema and laxative. Who lived in the XI century Arab surgeon Abulkazi recommended dentists following sequence: "First of all, the patient give a laxative, starved and on an empty stomach to take frequent baths and doing exercise ... In the absence of effect cauterize a tooth with a hot iron as long as the fire did not penetrate to the the root ... "
Dental worm and the first drill
Our grandparents were convinced that the tooth starts to hurt because it settles "tooth worm" and gnaws a hole. Expel the parasite is not only a hot iron, but also filling the hollow of melted wax, acid ... In 1820, the Frenchman Delabar first used for the treatment of cavities special drills. A half-century later, the United States Morrison invented the dentist drill treadle. Similar designs exist for a long time. The collection Gulin has a record of memories of a school teacher about how is the procedure of dental treatment in the summer military camps in the early 1950s: "They put me in the chair, to which fastened the pedal like a bicycle, and from them the chain is stretched to the drill. Team doctor, "Open your mouth and Pedal! "I wind the, and he told me a tooth drilled. And what is more painful, so I desperately pedal shake. It ended this "cycling" the fact that boron broke and stuck in the tooth ... "
Pulling teeth
When all treatments have been exhausted, it is necessary - to tear! In the old days this was done not by doctors, but "specialists in combination" - the butchers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, barbers, corn operators ... tools they used the most primitive. And the process is very different from the present strikingly procedure. Put you a barber-surgeon on the floor, will clamp your head between your knees, felt schiptsami- "pelicans" sore tooth and ... However, some "masters" preferred to a patient during surgery was. A certain gentleman was famous in the XVII century in the whole of France that people pull out teeth except sitting on a horse: stronger grabbed tongs tooth, given the horse spurs - and voila! .. From zuboderov famous Russian Emperor Peter the Great: the Emperor always carried Case himself with tools, among which were "pelicans" and very fond of his own vomit unwell teeth at his court.
Dentures
Instead of trying to put the prosthesis removed. Even in IV-III centuries BC. e. wealthy Phoenicians fastened mouth artificial gold wire cutters, carved from ivory. Medieval "prosthetic" fit in the mouth of his patients porcine, canine teeth, and sometimes human. The legendary villain-Saltychikha landowner, trying to regain the "Hollywood smile", forced serf farrier povydergivat teeth just a few yards from the girls to choose from a collection formed the perfect color and shape of a tooth.
First toothpastes
In the old days, and did not neglect preventive measures. Famous Hippocrates in the V century BC. e. It recommended such a remedy to save your teeth and removing halitosis "Burn head rabbit and three mice ... Rub ash with marble in a mortar ... clean the powder teeth and gums, and then wipe the teeth and mouth sweaty fleece spread with honey." Pliny advised as prophylaxis against caries eat bimonthly fried mouse. Simple recipe for outstanding British physician John Monk Gladdesden man should regularly breathe their own excrement. In China, it was considered the best brush your teeth with ashes from burnt monkey head. And the Romans for this hygienic procedure prepared powder from crushed pearls or corals.
Legend of the Wild West Billy the Kid (left) playing croquet, New Mexico, 1878
The uniqueness of this photo is that this is only the second documented, the image of Billy the Kid, one of the symbols of the Wild West.
History finds no less unique. Telecommunications engineer Randy Guidzharro (Randy Guijarro), whose hobby is collecting coins, sports cards and comic books in 2010, wandered into an antique shop in Fresno, California. Shopkeeper encouraged him to explore a couple of boxes of debris, pulling out from a warehouse with a view to their release in the trash. Randy digging, bought three photographs, paying them a ridiculous amount of two dollars, all he had cash in his pocket at the time. Particular attention is drawn Collector image size four to five inches of people playing croquet, (not to be confused with a cricket!). Having carefully studied the image under the microscope, Randy came to the stunning conclusion that the picture depicts William Henry McCarty, better known as Billy the Kid, serenely playing croquet with members of his gang.
After expert analysis for authenticity, the picture has been evaluated in five (!) Million.
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